| 25(OH)D group baseline | 25(OH)D group 24-week | Placebo group baseline | Placebo group 24-week | Adjusted β (95 % CI)* | P value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
25(OH)D (nmol/L) | 43.1 (31.1–58.5) | 85.8 (73–110) | 37.1 (27.3–51.6) | 40 (20.8–60.5) | 48.6 (35.8 to 61.3) | <0.001* |
HFF (%) | 6.8 (3.9–14.8) | 7 (4.4–12.9) | 5.9 (3.2–11.2) | 5.3 (3.2–9.7) | 0.63 (–1.6 to 2.8) | 0.57 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 27.9 (27.2–31.8) | 27.9 (26.8–31.4) | 30.2 (27–33.5) | 30.8 (27.6–32.6) | 0.05 (–1.3 to 1.4) | 0.94 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 99 (92–106) | 94.2 (99.5–107.6) | 105 (95–110) | 105 (96.5–109) | 0.86 (–2.8 to 4.5) | 0.64 |
SBP (mmHg) | 130 (120–140) | 130 (120–140) | 130 (120–140) | 130 (120–150) | –2.6 (–12.3 to 6.9) | 0.58 |
DBP (mmHg) | 80 (70–90) | 80 (75–90) | 80 (75–90) | 80 (80–90) | –1.38 (–6.8 to 4) | 0.61 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 176 (147–195) | 168.5 (144–194) | 179 (150–209) | 162 (146–194) | –5.7 (–22.3 to 10.8) | 0.49 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 50 (34–59) | 48 (42–54) | 47.5 (40.2–54) | 49 (41–61) | –0.46 (–5.1 to 4.2) | 0.84 |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 92 (63–116) | 88 (65.5–103.7) | 94.3 (78–129) | 85 (73–105) | –4.6 (–19.5 to 10.3) | 0.53 |
Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 100 (65–181) | 116.5 (87–176) | 128.5 (104.5–164) | 116 (91.5–154.2) | –0.24 (–42.5 to 42) | 0.99 |
FBG (mg/dL) | 126 (103–148) | 115 (102.114) | 124 (107.5–154) | 127 (105–160) | 2.5 (–18.9 to 23.9) | 0.48 |
HbA1c (%/mmol/mol) | 6.3 (5.9–6.7)/45(41–50) | 6 (5.6–6.9)/42 (38–52) | 6.5 (6–7.2)/48(38–55) | 6.4 (6–7.3)/46 (38–56) | –0.05 (–0.42 to 0.33) | 0.80 |
AST (IU/L) | 20 (17–30) | 20.5 (16–25.7) | 20.5 (16–27) | 22 (17–30) | –2.4 (–5.7 to 0.79) | 0.13 |
ALT (IU/L) | 26 (18–48) | 29 (20–37.5) | 27 (19.5–40) | 28.5 (21–40) | –4.6 (–11.9 to 2.5) | 0.20 |
γ-GT (IU/L) | 29 (19–53) | 28 (19.5–43) | 22.5 (16–39) | 23 (17–40.5) | –0.95 (–6.1 to 4.2) | 0.71 |
AST/ALT | 0.83 (0.62–1) | 0.8 (0.6–1) | 0.77 (0.67–0.92) | 0.72 (0.61–0.92) | 0.02 (–0.11 to 0.06) | 0.60 |
CK18-M30 (mIU/mL) | 186.7 (139–240.4) | 170.3 (102.1–271.9) | 212.6 (66–315.9) | 130.3 (85–234.6) | 0.08 (–63 to 114.7) | 0.56 |
P3NP (pg/mL) | 1334.9 (166.8–1981) | 1229.5 (327.6–1924) | 464.6 (66.4–1270.9) | 390.1 (116.2–1290) | 0.19 (–23.7 to 738.4) | 0.07 |
FFAs (μmol/L) | 13.6 (8.8–19.7) | 6.5 (4.2–8) | 14.1 (8.9–19.7) | 4.9 (3.2–8.1) | 21 (–10.8 to 15) | 0.75 |
FBI (μU/L) | 11.7 (7.4–15.8) | 11.5 (8.8–17.2) | 13 (8.3–16) | 13.1 (9.5–19) | –1.2 (–3.7 to 1.3) | 0.35 |
FLI | 68.6 (33–83.2) | 54.5 (35.5–79.8) | 79.8 (50.2–89) | 70.5 (57–84.3) | –5.3 (–15.9 to 5.3) | 0.32 |
HOMA-IR | 3.9 (1.9–5.9) | 3.4 (1.9–5.6) | 4 (2.5–5.5) | 4 (2.8–6.1) | 0.01 (–1.3 to 1.3) | 0.98 |
HOMA-β% | 71.3 (50.3–114.8) | 68 (51.8–97.5) | 67.3 (42–126.3) | 71 (50–116) | –18.7 (–49.1 to 11.7) | 0.22 |
QUICKI | 0.31 (0.3–0.34) | 0.32 (0.3–0-34) | 0.31 (0.3–0.33) | 0.31 (0.29–0.33) | 0.005 (–0.008 to 0.018) | 0.40 |
ADIPO-IR | 5.4 (2.5–9.5) | 2.4 (1.3–3.7) | 5.7 (2.8–7.9) | 2.8 (1.5–4.3) | 0.013 (–1.66 to 1.68) | 0.98 |
CRP (mg/dL) | 3 (0.25–6.6) | 0.8 (0.15–1.6) | 1.3 (0.6–4) | 0.5 (0.1–3.5) | –0.04 (–1.6 to 1.5) | 0.96 |
Adiponectin (ng/mL) | 5.3 (3.3–9.6) | 12.7 (9.9–22.8) | 5.7 (3.9–8.9) | 12.2 (9.5–16.4) | 5.2 (–3.57 to 14) | 0.24 |
VAT area (cm2) | 173.4 (138.5–251) | 183 (130–322) | 190 (127.3–238) | 188.7 (125–265.4) | 6.1 (–45.9 to 58.1) | 0.81 |
SAT area (cm2) | 195.7 (132.5–340) | 210.7 (115–366) | 222.6 (169–371) | 249.2 (188–392) | –21.9 (–74.07 to 30.08) | 0.4 |
VAT/SAT ratio | 0.93 (0.48–1.6) | 0.93 (0.59–1.5) | 0.81 (0.52–1.2) | 0.89 (0.39–1.2) | 0.08 (–0.18 to 0.28) | 0.54 |
FMD (%) | 2.9 (0.7–8.1) | 2.5 (0.9–4.7) | 4.4 (2.1–6.4) | 4.3 (1.7–6.2) | –1.8 (–4.6 to 1.02) | 0.20 |
ABI | 1.1 (1–1.2) | 1.04 (0.9–1.1) | 1.13 (1–1.2) | 1.1 (1–1.1) | –0.10 (–0.18 to –0.01) | 0.03* |
IMT (mm) | 0.8 (0.72–0.95) | 0.81 (0.7–1) | 0.8 (0.74–1) | 0.84 (0.7–1) | –0.04 (–0.14 to 0.04) | 0.33 |